Japan's defense minister publicly questions China's military spending transparency, signaling Tokyo's tougher stance as Beijing pressures Tokyo over Taiwan and rare-earth exports.

What happened: Defense Minister Shinjiro Koizumi stated that Japan discloses its defense budget openly to parliament and questioned whether China's announced figures are backed by evidence and transparency. The Pentagon assessed in December that China's total defense spending for 2024 was 32–63% higher than Beijing's announced budget of $231 billion（約37兆円）, accounting for spending on armed police, provincial security, veterans' affairs, R&D, and other categories that China does not include in its headline figure.

Why it matters: China has been applying pressure on Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi and has tightened controls on exports to Japan such as rare earths—materials critical to tech, defense, and automotive sectors where China is the largest producer and refiner. Koizumi's public challenge to China's spending claims represents a shift beyond typical diplomatic language; at the G7 summit in France, Takaichi also directly named China's measures as a concern that could affect supply chains of G7 and allied nations. This reflects Tokyo's assessment that greater transparency in military accounting is necessary to evaluate regional security.

What to watch: China's foreign and defense ministries have not yet responded to requests for comment. Tokyo continues to face pressure from Beijing to retract remarks Takaichi made last year about the possibility of Japan's involvement in a conflict over Taiwan, so any further escalation of public criticism over military spending or export controls could deepen the dispute over regional stability.